Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformation (AVMs)

Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are rare congenital vascular anomalies where arteries connect directly to veins without capillaries, forming fragile, high-pressure networks. These abnormal vessels increase the risk of rupture and intracranial hemorrhage and may also cause symptoms such as seizures, headaches, or progressive neurological deficits. Diagnosis relies on advanced imaging, with cerebral angiography considered the gold standard for mapping the vascular architecture. Treatment is highly individualized based on lesion size, location, and patient factors. Options include microsurgical resection for accessible AVMs, endovascular embolization using specialized glue or agents to block abnormal vessels, and stereotactic radiosurgery that delivers focused radiation to gradually obliterate the nidus. Complex cases may require hybrid approaches combining these techniques. Pediatric AVMs are particularly challenging due to lifetime rupture risk. Expert, multidisciplinary care is essential to balance intervention risks, improve safety, and optimize long-term neurological outcomes.